Education is our Most Important Asset Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Training is our Most Important Asset - Essay Example Training is the vehicle we use to advance our general public and advance human progress. Instruction is the magic that binds humankind and is our most significant resource. Decent instruction is more that simply the bookwork and study hall discovering that is regularly depicted as training. Genuine training ingrains qualities and class. It shows the understudy the standards and mores of the general public wherein they live. Instruction gives us the apparatuses to communicate with our individual man. This is the most essential and central estimation of training. As Sahni reminds us, you can have all the book information on the planet about a specific calling, yet on the off chance that you don't have the foggiest idea how to carry on with your colleagues as well as your bosses, having book information won't get you excessively far. In understanding the estimation of instruction, we have to comprehend that training can happen anyplace. Having taken in the ethical establishment for communication, instruction can likewise advance uniformity and equity. As indicated by a United Nations report titled The Importance of Education for Women, Common and family training ought to be utilized to keep youngsters from growing up to execute viciousness against ladies. Savagery was an aftereffect of miseducation in the family. By and by we see instruction at an early age advancing the common society we anticipate. Instruction doesn't show us what to think, yet how to think. ... The objective of the school is to, furnish understudies with the information, aptitudes, and mentalities basic to living in and commitment to an ever-changing equitable society (The Importance of Education). Projects introduced at colleges are intended to build up an understudy's independence, ability, still, small voice, and inventive limit. Basic reasoning permits the understudy to choose the legitimacy and estimation of the data accessible. Training additionally frames a standard by which human advancement can speak with each other. The understudy in Los Angeles will comprehend the scholarly paper written in India since they have been instructed. Without this proper guidance we would be living in the realm of Babel. Our science would be secluded and out of reach outside shut societies. Without standard structure squares to develop our endless supply, of what we have picked up as a general public would before long become incomprehensible. At the point when loaded up with slang and incorrect spellings a Nobel Prize undertaking would go unrecognized. As E.D. Hirsch so essentially states, there is a collection of data that proficient individuals do know (131). Instruction gives us the apparatuses we have to convey. Instruction is the paste that ties our divided information and permits research to assemble and make new and imaginative open doors for a cultivated future. This instructive elastic meets the street in its objective of continuing a solid economy. Instruction makes monetary chance and it takes training to profit by it. As indicated by Ferguson, Today, quite a bit of that high-esteem yield requests laborers with the innovativeness, intellectual capacities, and abilities to associate with testing advances. Laborers must be adaptable and creative to exist in the present quick paced universe of fast change. To take an interest in the

Free Essays - Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Experiences Of Huckleberry Finn Essays   In the Style of Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is supposed to be the source from which all incredible American writing has stemmed (Smith 127). This is to some degree ascribed to Mark Twain's capacity to utilize silliness and parody, just as joining genuine topic into his work. All through the novel Twain assumes the major issue of Huck's ethical predicament.   One such issue which is especially significant in the novel is brought up by Smith: He swears and smokes, however he has a lot of morals all his own. He accepts that slaves have a place with their legitimate proprietors, yet in his fair appreciation toward his companion Jim, he causes him to get away from the obligations of servitude. (181) This is something that tears at Huck all through the novel and assists Twain with demonstrating how complex Huck's character truly is. The acknowledgment of multifaceted nature in Huck's character empowered Twain to do full equity to the contention of vernacular qualities and the predominant culture (Smith 125).   All through Huck and Jim's experiences Huck is continually pulling reasonable tricks on Jim who appears to accept them all. Be that as it may, obscure to the peruser Twain utilizes this angle as another indent in Huck's ethical 2 development. Pundit Frank McGill brings up this current: Huck's modest conciliatory sentiment for the trick he plays on Jim in the mist is striking proof of development in Huck's ethical understanding. It drives normally to the following section where Twain makes Huck face up just because to the reality he is helping a slave escape.(119)   Another significant issue tended to by Twain is the maltreatment that was given to Huck by his dad. Huck was kidnaped from the Widow Douglas by his dad who had known about his legacy. Huck's dad at that point took him to a lodge far away in the forested areas where he kept the kid a detainee, beating him and half starving him. Twain discloses to us how Huck felt about existence with his dad: Before long Huck started to ask why he had even preferred living with the widow. With his dad he could smoke and swear all he needed, and his life would have hushed up lovely in the event that it had not been for the entirety of the steady beatings.

The Out-Of-State Admissions Edge

The Out-Of-State Admissions Edge When we learn about Civics and Government in 8th grade, we are presented with the high-minded ideals of democracy—the Bill of Rights, our masterfully designed system of checks and balances, and, of course, one anthropomorphized 1970’s cartoon bill’s odyssey toward passage. Notably left out of the discussion are topics such as interest groups, lobbyists, campaign finance insanity, gerrymandering—you know, the seedy realities of the American political system.Through a similarly innocent lens, most people understand the function of state schools to be along these lines: taxpayers partially fund state universities and, in exchange, their children reap the benefits of admissions preference and reduced tuition, should they one day elect to attend.Then there is the truth, as it has evolved over the past decade†¦A changing landscape The financial crunch at many institutions, brought on by a 17% average reduction in state funding since the ’08 recession , has led many top public schools to begin drawing more from the out-of-state pool for the simple, bottom-line reason that those students are not eligible for in-state tuition and must pay a higher out-of-state rate.This money grab has led to a seismic shift in admissions policies at schools such as UCLA and Berkeley, where admissions standards for out-of-state students have actually grown slightly less competitive than for in-staters. A recent state audit in California found that the University of California system, as a whole, has been favorable to out-of-staters in their admissions practices, to the detriment of residents of The Golden State. In fact, the number of non-Californians attending has more than doubled in the last decade.This is not just a California phenomenon. At public flagships like the University of Alabama and the University of Michigan, the number of non-resident students on campus now actually outnumber in-staters. Other schools, such as the well-regarded Unive rsity of Wisconsin-Madison have eliminated caps that previously existed on the maximum percentage of non-resident students.Many other well-respected, yet cash-crunched colleges, such the University of Illinois, Arizona State University, University of Massachusetts, and the University of Delaware are aggressively recruiting out-of-state applicants, and in some cases, relaxing admissions standards for these higher-paying populations.Still a tough roadWhile the number of out-of-state applicants being admitted is rising at the vast majority of public institutions across the country, competition for a spot at an elite flagship remains intense. The University of Virginia is among those prestigious state schools who, for financial reasons, has begun increasing the number of non-Virginians on campus. However, due to the volume of out-of-state applications, non-residents are admitted at just a 24% clip compared to 44% of Virginians. The same pattern can be observed at UNC-Chapel Hill, where 52% of residents are admitted versus just 19% of non-residents.Consider the moneyFor those prospective college students considering crossing state lines to take advantage of this development, do not mistake an admissions edge as sign of value. Annual out-of-state costs at the University of Michigan run close to 60 grand, and roughly double what Michigan residents pay. UCLA charges nearly $25,000 more to those who hail from outside the Golden State. Penn State, a bargain for PA residents, climbs to approximately $50,000 for outsiders, and after accounting for need-based and merit-based aid, proves as more expensive than Franklin Marshall, Lafayette, or Lehigh—three highly competitive colleges in the same state. That’s right, on top of the steep non-resident markup, prestigious public schools of this ilk rarely offer significant financial aid packages and rely on out-of-staters who can and will pay the maximum tuition.The bottom lineApplicants with access to unlimited f unds or those simply dead-set on attending an out-of-state flagship school will benefit from these institutions’ present financial situation. On the other end, students counting on earning admission at their local flagship may face tougher admissions standards than in the past, as they are competing for a diminishing number of spots.From either vantage point, it’s important to have a full understanding of this less-than-ideal reality, lest you believe that admission into a state school is as straightforward and pure as the aforementioned sanitized, Schoolhouse Rock overview of the political process.

Artificial Intelligence and Video Games Essay - 1622 Words

What if someone told you that those turtles in Mario or the computer opponent in Pong had their own â€Å"brain† and that they are able to think and do things like humans do? What if you were told that we can create these brains and apply them to many other video game antagonists, like the ghosts from Pac Man or even the opposing team in Madden? These â€Å"artificial brains† are a product of a technology called artificial intelligence (AI). AI in video games can be applied to nearly anything, such as a boss as big as a city to a bird soaring in the sky. They are used to create a sense of realism in what that item in the game would actually do in real life. AI uses many sets of complex algorithms and sequences to create relationships between†¦show more content†¦After understanding the behaviors of one type of opponent in a game, the player should be able to guess what all the other opponents of the same type will do ,which will give gamers an edge when they pr ogress through levels. This same thing can be applied to more complex AI. More complex AI can be seen from the introduction of open-world games. These games have no linear stage progression like Megaman and Mario, but are more free in terms of what the player wants to do. They are able to free-roam around the part of the map they are in and never have to go through the main storyline missions to keep playing. With this wide open, no rules type of environment the type of AI will have to be smarter than just moving back and forth. More complex AI’s could be able to react to lights the player shines as they navigate through dark areas, the sound they make as they scuffle through the grass or even smells your character in-game may currently be giving off (Lane, What Ever Happened to Video Game AI?). This will give players a more immersive experience while playing video games and make them feel that what they do actually has importance to the success of a mission. AI is able to ma ke a game worth playing and would make the player want to come back and beat a boss countless times because of their sporadic attackingShow MoreRelatedComputer Science And Artificial Intelligence1712 Words   |  7 Pageslanguages and artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence can be defined as the theory that a technological system such as computers are able to independently perform tasks that would normally require the operation of a human being to achieve. The primary goal of an artificial intelligence system in a machine is to autonomously make decisions based on its perceived environment and efficiently complete a range of given tasks. Artificial intelligence in all forms seeksRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effects On Society1632 Words   |  7 Pagesconcerned with the advancement in video games, worrying that video games are the cause of crime and violence. What hasn’t been talked about much is the progression in cloning and the growing of human organs in pigs, whether this technology could be considered positive or negative is debatable but there are also ethical concerns to consider. Finally another form of technology that has been popular within Hollywood productions is the concept of artificial intelligence. In Ronal d Wrights A Short HistoryRead MoreThe Invention Of Artificial Intelligence1668 Words   |  7 PagesIn our lives today, we all use some form of Artificial Intelligence daily. Some of these activities include: using cellular apps (Google Maps, Siri, Cortana), playing video games, and listening to music. Although the use of Artificial Intelligence has made human life more efficient and effective, it has also insinuated reliance and unsuspecting ignorance into our minds as well, and we do not even see it coming. The history of Artificial Intelligence dates back to the 1950s. 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But you had to have bicycles to one day have motor cars.† Video games are important to both the economy and people’s lives and â€Å"have been by far the most significant manifestation of interactive media toRead MoreEssay On Artificial Intelligence738 Words   |  3 PagesArtificial intelligence is a beneficial form of technology used daily by humans around the world, and is widespread across society. It is used in almost every field of our lives, from our phones, to our food, and is devoted to making our day-to-day life easier. However, there is much debate worldwide about whether this technology is truly beneficial or not for society, as some choose to believe that it is doing more harm than good. Artificial intelligence (AI) is usually defined as the scienceRead MoreHuman Intelligence And Artificial Intelligence1233 Words   |  5 Pagesmentally, as this interaction was at an all-time high, we came up with intelligence. 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Today, we live in a world where technology is constantlyRead MoreArtificial Intelligence And Science For Knowledge1639 Words   |  7 Pagesto improve man-kind. Artificial Intelligence is a substructure of Engineering where it takes that knowledge of the engineers to improve the training thought of a device with less human interaction. Software, Mechanical, and Robotics, to name a few,are areas where Artificial Intelligence is being used. The way artificial Intelligence has evolved through the years, it has even been able to challenge humans into improving much greater ideas. â€Å"The term artificial intelligence is also used to describeRead More The Process of Video Game Design and Creation Essa y1498 Words   |  6 PagesVideo games have become a substantial influence on the curriculum of the modern entertainment industry. From first-person shooters to role-playing games, the video game industry has became accessible to nearly every kind of player, whether it be a person who enjoys invigorating storytelling, or somebody who just wants to reduce armies into nothing more than bloody shrapnel. â€Å"†¦developing a ‘major’ game title can be a significant task – writers, game designers, sound designers, visual artists and more

America’s Domination of the Film Industry - 693 Words

Looking at the film industry as we now know it, it’s hard to imagine that America wasn’t always the film producing machine we see it as now. Yet, when we begin looking at all the technological advances that took place in film over time and the events which occurred during these periods, it was a complex journey. In the following essay we are going to discuss why I believe that the wars faced both foreign and domestic played the biggest factor in the American Film industry’s rise to dominance by the 1950s. Birth of Film: As with all things it’s probably best to start with the beginning; the birth of film. Eadweard Muybridge was hired in 1872 to capture images of a horse running to settle a debate as to whether all four feet of a horse were off the ground at the same time while trotting. Little did he know that by capturing these images he eventually would spark the invention of the kinetscope by Thomas Edison in the 1880s. By the late 1890s movies could be projected onto a screen and audiences finally were able to attend public demonstrations. In 1905 the worlds first nickelodeon devoted to film exhibition was opened in Pittsburgh, PA by Harry Davis. Nickelodeons (named for both the price of admission and the Greek word for â€Å"theater†) soon spread across the country, the number of nickelodeons reached around 8000 between 1907 and 1908, and by 1910 it was estimated that as many as 26 million Americans visited these theaters every week. World War I: From about 1910 AmericanShow MoreRelatedOrientalism And Orientalism1616 Words   |  7 Pagesthat creates images outside of history that distort the portrayal of Asia. Western Orientalism, specifically American Orientalism, is highly politicized and has shaped—and continues to shape—the politics and imaginations of Asia. From literature to film, Western idealism and Orientalism as created certain social standards and stereotypes of Asian peoples. However, to say that Orientalism is solely racism and stereotyping would be highly inaccurate because it acts as a much more powerful force. ThroughRead MoreAmerican Popular Culture and Its Impact in a Globalized World8501 Words   |  35 Pagesfast food and consumer goods tends to be received by foreign societies in a variety of differing ways. Terms such as Americanization, Westernization and even globalization are only a few of many that have been employed to label the phenomenon of Americas growing cultural dominance in the world. Decades of public discourse about this is-sue have shown that all these expressions are being used interchangeably by many. We will see below, however, that it is helpful and, in my view, even necessary toRead MoreThe Twentieth Century And The American Century Essay1925 Words   |  8 PagesWar Two. To get there the United States had to get through two World Wars and the biggest economic disaster the world has seen. 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Films selected: The Great Train Robbery (1903) v True Grit (2010) Introduction: When Thomas Edison asked Edwin S.Porter to make The Great Train Robbery (1903) little did either realise that this film would be the beginning of not only the WesternRead MoreMasculinity in the Media3136 Words   |  13 Pagesgroups Limp BIzkit and Slipknot have very violent and aggressive lyrics and demeanor compared to bands of previous decades. Products sold to this market have been reinforced as violent masculinity, as rebellious, humorous and â€Å"cool†. The 1985 Rambo film was to many people the ideal movie that represented American masculinity. The film’s dominant strain, is one of an America truly regenerated through violence, a resurrected nation bursting with pride, power, and unabashed aggression that can humbleRead MoreArthur Millers Good Night, And Good Luck1855 Words   |  8 PagesMiller’s The Crucible and George Clooney’s Good Night, and Good Luck explore the theme of McCarthyism through numerous ways using conventions of their text ty pes: respectively a play and a film. Each through characterisation and symbolism, as well as individually through the plays title and narrative style, and the films editing, camera techniques and sound track, the texts delve into the subject constructively through their own unique methods. Arthur Miller’s 1953 play The Crucible is a historical fictionRead MoreWoodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points1714 Words   |  7 Pagespopulations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined (Wilson 1918). Nothing of the kind occurred with the British and French Empires in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, or with Americas colonies in Guam, Samoa, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and the Panama Canal. Nor did the U.S. government give up its normal policy of intervening at will in Mexico, Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua, and other countries in Central America and the WestRead More The West in Film Essay examples2952 Words   |  12 Pagesand Native Americans, in Western film has changed drastically from the early 1930s to the late 1980s. These changes represent the changing views of American society in general throughout the 20th century. In the early part of the century, women and Native Americans were depicted as a burde n. Women were viewed as a form of property, helpless and needing support. These minorities were obstacles in the quest for manifest destiny by the United States. Western films during the early 20th century representRead MoreThe Cold War And The War I And II1850 Words   |  8 Pagesto an overwhelming extent – an ideological conflict fuelled by manipulative propaganda. These controlling advertisements, weaved into various parts of mainstream media and popular culture, were most prominent in three areas – board games, comics and film within the home, cunning posters and videos on a national domain and lastly, in various forms of media such as speeches and government-created videos targeted to an international audience. The governments of both communist and capitalist nations tweakedRead MoreAfrican American Civil Rights Act2723 Words   |  11 PagesProtection Clause †¢ Affirmative action is a means of indirectly helping the black poor to achieve social and economic advances. Opposition to Affirmative action From white Americans – reverse discrimination. Disempowered traditionally white male-domination of virtually every major public and corporate institution in America. White Americans (especially males) have always profited from a favourable distribution of social and economic goods. Opposition to affirmative action has not emanated solely from

Root Cause Analysis and Process free essay sample

Determine what kind of relationship is involved and make sure that all factors have been considered. Improve : Improve or optimize the process based on the analysis, using techniques such as Design of Experiments. Control : Continuously monitor the process as it continues using the measuring systems developed. Set up appropriate corrective actions for anticipated deviations in the process. * Relate with the problem from the case : Define : a) IMPORTANT OPPORTUNITY: defining the opportunity can be difficult. Some people define the symptoms they experience or the factors causing the most aggravation, others define the solution they want. It takes time for them to discussing the key problem area and agree on what can be achieved. They define step helps ensure they is focused on the best improvement opportunity. But they Dont have to rush their step that may invest a lot of time on the wrong issues. B) Create the SIPOC: â€Å"Suppliers, Inputs, Process, Outputs and Customers† When creating SIPOC, this is a high level process map that will serve as the starting point for the  detailed production process they will create in the  Measure phase  of the DMAIC process This puts them in a better position to accurately determine these process. We will write a custom essay sample on Root Cause Analysis and Process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Measure: a) DEVELOP BENCHMARKING: The most important is they have to start a new journey to know is where they are going. The management team agree knowing where their position wants to go, they believe of the first information need before starting any journey is your current location. Including The six sigma approach to quantify and benchmark the process using actual data to develop  their best practices to develop more product in the process. b) Measuring system analysis : Is a method to make sure the defects are being measured properly. They get an Information Using collected data, the SWOT and market position can be investigated. The data will be useful for them to understand the cause of the difference in the performance, the product cycles and the existing the quality strategies. Analysis: a) Involves cross functional teams : They take time and may require some experimentation on the process. The best analysis involves cross-functional teams that the management and Chief engineer must working together for a common goal. They should include people who work directly with the process and They have first hand process experience that can be invaluable to the team. ) Change management approach: The management analyze change to new improvement in the organization’s products, services, and processes by continually reducing defects in the organization and they will discover various process improvement scenarios and determine which has the best net benefit impact to the company. Improve: a) Develop and implement new plans : The management can brings a good idea to involve with chief engineer who work on the process that is being improved included in the decisions regarding which potential improvements to implement. With their help, the product can establish criteria for evaluating the proposed improvements in an objective manner. Criteria usually include time line for implementation, financial cost, the extent to which root causes are likely to be countered and the overall ease of implementation. They consider other factors such is the amount of buy-in that already exists for each possible change. B) Brainstorming: They should sets out to identify the root cause or causes of the problem being studied. But unlike other simpler problem solving strategies, they apply DMAIC that requires that the root cause be validated by data. Several root cause analysis methods are available for use in the analyze phase, including  Brainstorming to determine the causes for high prices, baggage losses and high wait times. . Control: a) Follow up with in monitoring the process: Chief Engineer should make a solution monitoring plan in the following process, observe implemented improvements for success, update plan records on a regular basis, and maintain a workable employee training routine. ) Update the new process: Chief engineer should develop a process for updating the new procedures when required. The update process will include updating the process map and user guides, communicating the changes to all involved, and modifying the monitoring plan if necessary to reflect the changes. Common changes that they should plan for include shifts in employee roles, changes in customer specs and replaceme nts for existing technology.

J. D. Salinger Essays - J. D. Salinger, Salinger,

J. D. Salinger The worth of a book is to be measured by what you can carry away from it. -James Bryce* In 1945, a novel was published that would forever change the way society views itself. The book, entitled The Catcher in the Rye, would propel a man named Jerome David Salinger to fame as one of the most famous authors of the twentieth century. This same man, not ten years after the publication and while still in the peak of his career, would depart from this society- the one that he so greatly changed leaving nothing but his literature to be his lasting voice. However one may view this mysterious life of J. D. Salinger, there is but one thing for certain: J. D. Salinger has provided the reader with a controversial look at society which is greatly enhanced by the integration of his own life experiences, dialect and religious philosophies into his stories. Salinger was the greatest mind ever to stay in prep school. -Norman Mailer (qtd. in Salinger SSC 291) The story of J. D. Salinger begins in downtown New York, NY, where he was born on January 1, 1919. Little is known about his early childhood, but his parents; Sol and Miriam, were known to be of upper-middle class stature and the family dwelled in downtown New York. As Salinger began to attend junior high school, his grades began to drop so his parents decided to send him to Valley Forge Military Academy, which is located in Pennsylvania. While enrolled in Valley Forge, Salinger's IQ level was tested at 115, which is slightly above average but far from the genius or even superior category (French 45). At Valley Forge, however, Salinger's grades rose considerably and he earned a scholarship to New York University. Salinger attended New York University for two years and went on to Ursinus College and then to Columbia University, where he studied with Whit Burnett (Salinger CA 997). After receiving an English degree at Columbia, Salinger worked briefly as an entertainer on the Swedish L iner MS Kungsholm in the Caribbean in 1941. In 1942 Salinger enlisted in the United States Army and fought in World War II, where he eventually became a staff sergeant earning five battle stars. The time spent overseas played a major role in what would ultimately be the basis of most of Salinger's short stories. World War II is also where Salinger met one of his major literary influences, Ernest Hemingway. Although Salinger's style stems from Hemingway, their first encounter was not one that sat well on Salingers's mind. The story goes that while Hemingway was serving as an author-correspondent, he visited Salinger's regiment and that Salinger became disgusted when Hemingway shot the head off a chicken to demonstrate the merits of a German Lager (French 25). The incident so affected Salinger that he incorporates it into his short story, For Esme: with Love and Squalor, with a corporal named Clay shooting the head off a cat and constantly dwelling upon the senseless act. The relation ship between Hemingway and Salinger would last until Hemingway's death in 1961. Despite having a personal relationship with Hemingway, according to Harold Bloom, ...[Salinger's work actually] derives from F. Scott Fitzgerald (qtd. in Salinger SSC 2: 318). Such a conclusion can be drawn for a number of reasons. First, Salinger's narrative style shows a striking similarity to Fitzgerald's; and second, many of Salinger's characters, like Holden Caulfield and Seymour Glass show a close resemblance to Fitzgerald's character Jay Gatsby. Another interesting stylistic distinction is the dependable presence of a child in a major role in the storyline. Much like William Wodsworth, Salinger appreciates childhood innocence. It is the wisdom and spontaneity that is lost in the distractions and temptations of adult life (Gorden 2040), that Salinger and Wodsworth both incorporate into their work. Salinger eventually became drawn to Eastern philosophy, especially Zen Buddhism. This affliction pushe d Salinger in his later works to stray from his original foundation and fundamental Western ideals of literature and begin incorporating Eastern philosophy into his work. Many critics condemn these resulting works and a few even go as far as saying that Salinger has lost his touch. Possibly due to such criticism, but

Essay on Medical Education

Essay on Medical Education Essay on Medical Education Medical Education & Definitions – March 13th 2014 Human, Spiritual, Care Questions from Prof Religious vs spiritual? The Debate Religion is practice and ritual and temples you go to Religious are dogmatic, institutionalized Spiritual is part of mind and free Individual More neutral term Less fraught than language of religion A common assumption in both Nursing and Medical education is a â€Å"tidy polarized interpretation† of what is religious and what is spiritual. Spiritual care over Religious Care? Sisley saunders? Attending to the most spiritual needs (family, community, sense of self) Spiritual is less defined Easier to talk to Making them feel human, empathy for patient Respect the patient Presence for the patient regardless of what (cant fake it to someone else) Whereas religion is more defined and it is what it is. Suggesting that nursing itself is inherently spiritual training/care of somewhat, attending to the whole person. -therapeutic care; yes, that is what nursing is about -nurses give care as human beings and in doing that we affect the spirts of other human beings Nursing interventions for the dying.. page 57 holding hands listening laughter prayer being present What is a human being? person is more than the disease and more then the body complex evolving beings connected with the universe non material part of being assembles of traits and variables challenges of medical profession has experienced -femininst improvements of public health impact of spiritual and religions cares 1)Spirtuality and cultural miscommunication -lady and infection in her leg -very angry because neither the doctor nor her daughter had prepared her for the post trauma -her daughter was a devoted chrisitan – didn’t believe in loss of leg due to the absence of a culturally sensitive professional translator who might have been able to to engage spiritual concerns and concepts in a reasonable manner important to recognize and clarify the impact of alternative spiritual values and formal religious beliefd among

A Study on the Benefit of Children’s Exposure to Violence in Media as Described by Gerard Jones in His Book, Violent Media Is Good For Kids

A Study on the Benefit of Children’s Exposure to Violence in Media as Described by Gerard Jones in His Book, Violent Media Is Good For Kids Who better to help the younger generations through the angst and frustration that comes with the burden of growing up than a comic book artist? In â€Å"Violent Media is Good for Kids†, Gerard Jones writes about the positive aspects exposing children to violent media. Opening the essay with his personal experience and the outlet it allowed him as he was growing up, he slowly transitions into discussing other children’s similarly positive encounters. Jones argues that in most instances, it is helpful and healthy for a child to be exposed to violent media. The audience that Jones is trying to persuade seems to be very clear after initially reading the essay. Digging a little deeper, the essay was first published on the magazine Mother Jones’s website. In the â€Å"about† section on the Mother Jones website their mission is described as, â€Å"a strong voice for social justice: Racial discrimination, womens rights, environmental justice, and the plight of immigrant farmworkers are all issues you will find covered in the magazine from its first year of publication to the present† (Hochschild, Mother Jones: The Magazine). Learning about what the purpose of this publication stands for, it becomes even more apparent which audience that Jones is speaking to. As a very left-wing publication, Jones seems to be trying to persuade new parents of the same political views that raising their children around some violent media is okay. Gerard Jones spends the essay supporting his argument to these parents with minimal use of log os but great use of pathos and ethos. Gerard Jones opens his essay with the use of ethos, constructing his credibility by describing his childhood and how violent media positively helped him maneuver through his road to adulthood. Jones explains that as he was growing up, his parents taught him the same thing that many others are taught as children, that violence is not the correct way to handle conflict and that anger is a feeling to be left out of matters. Jones describes his childhood in the first paragraph, â€Å"My parents, not trusting the violent world of the late 1960s, built a wall between me and the crudest elements of American pop culture† (199). Although his parents made great attempts at stifling their child into a pacifist young adult, Jones discovered the wonderful world of Marvel and the Hulk. Identifying most with the Hulk, Jones imagined himself following his â€Å"fantasy self† which allowed him to do whatever he wanted, without a care of what disapproval may follow. Being an angry child that was able to channel his rage through comic books helps Jones solidify his position that violent media is not always as terrible as it is made out to be. As an adult, Jones is not only a comic book writer, but also an advocate for exposing children to violent media. Working alongside Melanie Moore, a psychologist, the two of them study the way violent stories help children develop in a healthy way. Demonstrating logos, Jones quotes his colleague, Moore, Fear, greed, power-hunger, rage: these are aspects of ourselves that we try not to experience in our lives but often want, even need, to experience vicariously through stories of others. Children need violent entertainment in order to explore the inescapable feelings that theyve been taught to deny, and to reintegrate those feelings into a more whole, more complex, more resilient selfhood (201). Adding a psychologist’s perspective, Jones is setting his point more firmly by bringing in an outside authority. Completing his method of relating his credibility to the reader, Jones turns the reader’s attention to facts from a person in the field of understanding the way the bra in works and habits of human beings. Delving deeper into his reasoning for being a credible source on the subject of children and violent media, Jones returns to the use of ethos to further establish not only his authority, but Moore’s. After discussing his history with the reader and establishing some scientific background, Jones gives some slight overview of the work that he does with the help of Moore. Jones states that he started a program called â€Å"Power Play† where he helps â€Å"young people improve their self-knowledge and sense of potency through heroic, combative storytelling† (201). Establishing that his is a topic he not only studies but is heavily involved in helps the reader believe that what he is saying is true. Jones is not only reading charts, answers from a survey, or however he and Moore conduct their research but is, instead, actively involving himself with children and including violent stories into their development. Giving the reader an understanding of how violence in med ia can help children, Jones is persuading the reader with examples of his work. Transitioning from heavy use of ethos, Jones turns to pathos near the end of his piece. Once he got the reader to understand him as an author, Jones seems to have set about getting the reader to understand the reason behind his passion. Telling the tale of a young girl he worked with, Jones describes that although her home life is not an ideal situation, listening to rap as helped her find â€Å"a theater of the mind in which she could be powerful, ruthless, invulnerable† (202). Jones explains that she went to college and became a writer while avoiding the use of the drugs her peers were using (202). He seems to be trying to put the reader into the mind of a struggling adolescent to feel empathy for the children who are not blessed with a peaceful life at home. Reminding the reader, possibly, of times when life was confusing and messy assists Jones in giving the reader a second to consider that maybe things would have been easier had they had an outlet to give their rage over to. This placement of the reader into the shoes of an angry adolescent is vital in Jones’ argument. Gerard Jones is a clear writer in thoughts and example, building a solid case in favor of letting children experience violent media. Jones makes great examples of real people to further his point because it gives the reader something solid to relate to. Additionally, his and Moore’s credentials gives the reader a writer that they can trust. There is a really strong building of trust between the reader and the writer throughout the entire piece with Jones spending most of his time establishing himself as a reliable source for the subject. At the end of this piece, it is hard to believe that most people will not be swayed into letting their children partake in an hour of Power Rangers.

W4 Disc Balanced Scorecard Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

W4 Disc Balanced Scorecard - Essay Example Office of Personnel Management, n.d.). The process was evaluated in terms of its ability to link the organization’s mission and vision into the development of strategies that are deemed to be instrumental in the attainment of identified goals. The potential outcomes would depend on the objectives stipulated under each of the four perspectives. For instance, under financial perspectives, the outcome could be indicated as increase of 20% in profits; while under customer’s perspectives, the outcome could be increased customer satisfaction and retention. The strengths of the balanced scorecard method are as follows: (1) the ability to assess the direction of the organization using the designed strategies through measuring outcomes as against stipulated objectives; (2) it provides a holistic view of the performance of the organization from the short-term to the long-term time frame (Bowen, 2011); and (3) strategies could be adjusted, corrected and improved according to indicated performance metrics. On the other hand, the weaknesses of the balance scorecard include: (1) the extensive amount of collaborative effort to define objectives and designing strategies that fit the performance metrics; (2) exclusion of competition; and (3) fitting the requirements of this performance tool to cater to the needs of the organization (Bowen, 2011). U.S. Office of Personnel Management. (n.d.). Using a Balanced Scorecard Approach to Measure Performance. Retrieved from opm.gov:

Leadership in Film - Remember the Titans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership in Film - Remember the Titans - Essay Example Respect for the team as a whole and self respect helped the team captain come to that decision. When a leader has respect of his men and himself, then a winning team is the result. Assistant Coach Yoast was about to be inducted into the hall of fame, plus given the Head Coach’s job, if he kept his mouth shut while his team got cheated out of the regional championships. If he would have let his team get cheated, then Assistant Coach Yoast would not have been an effective leader. Being an effective leader is about respect, if Assistant Coach Yoast would have succumbed to immoral activities such as bribes and corruption, his team would have lost respect for him. When a team has no respect for their leader, then the leader loses their trust and his position as leader. Coach Boone affirms and identifies himself as the head coach when he says â€Å"Make no mistake, I am the head coach. This is not a democracy! This is a dictatorship! I am here to win!† Coach Boone uses his authority forcefully. Boone uses physical punishment, not peace, love and understanding, to unify the two races. Direction is instruction, whereas coercion is intimidation. Coach Boone used coercion to unify his team, taking them to the championship. Coach Boone did have a transformational approach to leadership. He did what it took to earn respect from his players. From insisting that they speak other team mates, finding out facts about their lives, until they have met everyone or else he will double their practice time to asking the players â€Å"who’s your daddy?†, Coach Boone demanded respect from his players. Respects leads to winning. Winning was Coach Boone’s goal. Coach Boone achieved that goal by earning the respect of his players. That is what makes a transformation approach to leadership.. Despite the race relations in Remember the Titans, this movie is about exceptional leadership. The leadership in this film shows

Anthropology and Social Work Essay -- Anthropology Humanity Essays

Anthropology and Social Work Anthropologists like myself try to figure out why present day humans are the way they are. Meredith F. Small Female Choices Who are we? How old is the human species? Where did we come from? What do we believe and why? Is our own culture the epitome of civilization? What is reality? How have we arrived at a position where destroying the earth doesn't bother us very much? These, and many, many more are the questions that drive anthropologists to study human beings and our interactions. In fact, the presence of a driving question is the seed that creates anthropologists, as we will soon see. Anthropology is the study of humanity. As one might suspect, given the scope of the questions in the previous paragraph, anthropology is a broad field with many subfields (or methods) of gathering information. Let's look at some of these areas of study, the methodology for each discipline, and a few of the specialists and their research. ETHNOLOGY/ETHNOGRAPHY According to James Spradley (1979) in The Ethnographic Interview, ethnology is "the study of culture" (pg. iii). On the surface, this would seem the simplest of tasks. However most of us are unaware that we are wearing Kant's irremovable glasses' when it comes to viewing other cultures­our own personal biases and beliefs are fully intact. This ethnocentric viewpoint (defined by John Bodley as "the tendency to evaluate other cultures in reference to one's own presumably superior culture"2) is the biggest stumbling block to understanding other cultures and recognizing their own inherent value. The aim of the good ethnographer is to take off the glasses of ethnocentrism as often as possible and learn from other people what their world is like. In order to ... ...1989). Yuqui: Forest nomads in a changing world. Orlando: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Public Broadcasting Service (Producer). Millennium series: Inventing reality [Videotape]. Rosenthal,E. (1991, December). The forgotten female. Discover 22­27. RuppelShell,E. (1991, December). Flesh & bone. Discover 37­42. Small, M. F. (1993). Female choices: Sexual behavior of female primates. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Spradley, J.P. (1979). The ethnographic interview. Orlando: Hartcourt Brace Jovanovich. Struever, S. & Holton, F. A. (1979). Koster: Americans in search of their prehistoric past. Garden City: Anchor Press/ Doubleday. Stuart, G. E. & McMananon, F. P. (1996). Archaeology & you. Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society. Zastrow, C. (1996). Introduction to social work and social welfare (6th ed.). Pacific Grove: BrookslCole Publishing.

William Blake

Name: Brandon Clark William Blake was born in London on November 28, 1757, Blake passed away on 12 August 1827. James Hess father, a hosier, and Catherine Blake Hess mother. Two of his six siblings died in infancy. From early childhood, Blake spoke of having visions at four he saw God â€Å"put his head to the window†; around age nine, while walking through the countryside, he saw a tree filled with angels. Although his parent's tried to discourage him from â€Å"lying,† they did observe that he was different from his peers and did not force him to attend conventional school.He learned to read and write at mom. At age ten, Blake expressed a wish to become a painter, so his parent's sent him to drawing school. Two years later, Blake began writing poetry. When he turned fourteen, he apprenticed with an engraver because art school proved too costly. One of Flake's assignments as apprentice was to sketch the tombs at Westminster Abbey, exposing him to a variety of Gothic s tyles from which he would draw inspiration throughout his career. After his seven-year term ended, he studied briefly at the Royal Academy.Flake's first printed work, Poetical Sketches (1783), is a collection of apprentice verse, costly imitating classical models. The poems protest against war, tyranny, and King George Ills treatment of the American colonies. William Blake and his works have been extensively discussed and criticized over the twentieth and now this century, until then he was barely known. He started to become more popular around 1863 with Alexander Gilchrest biography â€Å"Life† and only fully appreciated and recognized at the beginning of the twentieth century.It seems his art had been too adventurous and unconventional for the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, maybe you could even say he was ahead of his time? Either way, today he is a hugely famous figure of Romantic literature, whose work is open to various interpretations, which has been know n to take a lifetime to establish. As well as his works being difficult to interpret, him as a person has also provoked much debate.Henry Crab Robinson, who was a diarist and friend of Flake's at the end of his life asked the question many students of Blake are still unable to conclusively answer: In his life, Blake rejected conventional religion. His poems are influenced by this. Blake wrote a poem called ‘The Little Black Boy' ‘My mother bore me in the southern wild, And I am black, but O! My soul is white; White as an angel is the English child: But I am black as if bereaved of light. My mother taught me underneath a tree And sitting down before the heat of day, She took me on her lap and kissed me, And pointing to the east began to say.Look on the rising sun: there God does live And gives his light, and gives his heat away. And flowers and trees and beasts and men receive Comfort in morning Joy in the noonday. And we are put on earth a little space, That we may learn to bear the beams of love, And these black bodies and this sun-burnt face Is but a cloud, and like a shady grove. For when our souls have learned the heat to bear The cloud will vanish we shall hear his voice. Saying: come out from the grove my love & care, And round my golden tent like lambs rejoice.Thus did my mother say and kissed me, And thus I say to little English boy. When I from black and he from white cloud free, And round the tent of God like lambs we Joy: Ill shade him from the heat till he can bear, To lean in Joy upon our fathers knee. And then I'll stand and stroke his silver hair, And be like him and he will then love me. ‘ Summary: A black child tells the story of how he came to know his own identity and to now God. The boy, who was born in â€Å"the southern wild† of Africa, first explains that though his skin is black his soul is as white as that of an English child.He relates how his loving mother taught him about God who lives in the East, who gives light and life to all creation and comfort and Joy to men. â€Å"We are put on earth,† his mother says, to learn to accept God's love. He is told that his black skin â€Å"is but a cloud† that will be dissipated when his soul meets God in heaven. The black boy passes on this lesson to an English child, explaining that his white skin is likewise a cloud. He vows that hen they are both free of their bodies and delighting in the presence of God, he will shade his white friend until he, too, learns to bear the heat of God's love.Then, the black boy says, he will be like the English boy, and the English boy will love him. Shows the conflict between races in religion, suggesting that people of black nationality are of a lesser standard and inferior to whites; throughout the poem the black boy is comparing himself to the white child and wanting to be friends. This Poem has several techniques a few being Rhyme (ABA), personification example of this is when he sass â€Å"for when our souls have learned† . Metaphor an example of metaphor is shown when he writes â€Å"And I am black, but O!

Bsa 385 Week 4 Paper - 1204 Words

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Patient Flow in Waiting Room - 1770 Words

Patient Flow in Waiting Room Haik Janoian MGT/554 Ââ€" Operations Management University of Phoenix Group PA04MBA10 April 5, 2006 Patient Flow in Waiting Room Healthcare clinics are under a great deal of pressure to reduce costs and improve quality of service. In recent years, healthcare organizations have concentrated on preventive medicine practices and have tried to reduce the length of time that patients stay in a hospital. Outpatient services have gradually become an essential component of healthcare. Organizations that cannot make their outpatient component cost-effective are finding themselves financially burdened in this ever-changing industry (Caldwell, 2005). Patient waiting times and waiting-room congestion in†¦show more content†¦As a result of this, when one patient takes longer to process, the Arrival Queue becomes a bottleneck. Patients begin to stack up behind one another while they wait for the other patients to be processed. This is point in the process that needs improvement. By fixing the time it takes to process each patient and removing or reordering certain steps, the cycle time could be reduced and the bottleneck eliminated. Work Process Improvement As stated earlier, the cost for health care is rising for both employers and employees; therefore, both employers and employees are seeking for medical groups that provide systems of very well coordinated care. Coordinating care creates significant advantages for patient by delivering high-quality care efficiently, so that patients get the most for their health care dollars. When services are integrated and carefully designed across the stream of care, this thoughtfulness up front eliminates duplication of processes and inappropriate services. Patients, employers and medical groups benefit in terms of better health and streamlined costs associated with the care. Survey after survey suggest that the biggest frustrations for patients are: 1. 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Drug Users And The Core Of A Drug User Essay - 846 Words

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Although many people feel that legaliz ing marijuana would increaseRead More Legalizing Marijuana Essay796 Words   |  4 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Drugs are a major influential force in our country today. The problem has gotten so out of hand that many options are being considered to control it or even solve it. Ending the drug war seems to be a bit impossible. The war on drugs seems to be accomplishing a lot but this is not true. Different options need to be considered. Legalization is an option that hasnt gotten a chance but should be given one. Although many people feel that legalizing marijuana would increase

Dialogue as Empathic Conversation Free Essays

Organizational communication : balancing creativity and constraint / Eric M. Eisenberg, H. L. We will write a custom essay sample on Dialogue as Empathic Conversation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Goodall, Jr. , Angela Trethewey. Boston : Bedford/St. Martin’s, c2010. ISBN: 9780312574864 ; Pages: 26-52 M IMIII;WJI D efining Organizational Communication As stated in the last chapter, as long as t here have been humans, there has been organizing, and with organizing comes a concern about how to do better, whether the task is hunting, coaching a sports team, o r r unning a multinational corporation . Unfortunately, those with practical interest in improving organizational communication have n ot always adopted the same definitions and assumptions. F or example, when engineers speak o f t he importance o f communication, they often (but not always) refer t o its role in promoting clarity and consensus. I n contrast, a group o f clergy ca lling for improved communication would likely focus o n the evocative and emotional power o f discourse. I n this chapter, we describe some common approaches t o organizational communication, including models o f commtmication as information transfer, transactional process, strategic control, and a balance o f creativity and constraint. W e conclude with a model o f communication as mindful dialogue as well as a discussion o f integrity and ethics.  §J APPROAC HE S T O O RGANIZATIONAL C OMMUNICATION O f the various conceptions o f organizational communication, four have attracted the greatest number o f adherents: ( l) communication as information transfer, (2) communication as transactional process, (3) communication as strategic control, and (4) communication as a balance o f creativity and constraint. 26 Chapter 2: Defining Org:mizarion in many people’s u nderstanding o f o rganizational c ommunicar:ion. F or example, the general m anager o f a large aerospace company hired several pilots ro fly over his manufacturing p lant and d rop h undreds o f Hyers with the message: â€Å"S How to cite Dialogue as Empathic Conversation, Papers

Analytical Procedures And The Risk Factors â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Analytical Procedures And The Risk Factors? Answer: Introducation The details of every company can be checked and verified from the basic document of the company which is known as Annual Report. Annual report provides all the information which is very useful for all the stakeholders of the company whether it is the employees or it is the shareholders of the company. Each stakeholder wants to have more and more information about the company so as to take the decision in relation to the company. Like, shareholder of the company like to know whether he should invest in the company or not. For taking such decision he should be available with the information pertaining to the financial position and the financial performance of the company. This information are reflected and detailed with the note of the directors of the company in the Financial Statements of the company forming part of the Annual Report. The report has been started with the executive summary detailing the main aims of the report. Then it has detailed the answer to the question number one which is related to analytical procedures adopted by the auditor before starting of the audit. The information of Double Ink Printers Limited has been considered. The company is in the business of printing books and magazines. In this it has been explained as to how the results of the procedures so performed have affected the audit plan of the auditors. Then the answer to the second question has been detailed which is related to the inherent risk factors. These risks are notified by the auditor while reading the background information and the financial information and the internal control procedures of the company. Similarly in the last question the risk factors which have led to fraudulent reporting of the financial information have been detailed. At the last conclusion and recommendation has been given for the whole study. Current Ratio Current Ratio helps in determining the companys ability to clear the short term liabilities from the cash received from the short term assets. These short term assets and the short term liabilities are termed as the current assets and the current liabilities respectively. It is because it can be readily converted into cash and cash equivalents. This is regarded as an important measure of the liquidity. It is because the short term liabilities are generally due within the period of one year. Therefore, the company usually has the limited period to set off its liability and therefore the current assets which include the cash and cash equivalents shall be high so as to pay off the current liabilities without obtaining funds through long term assets or long term sources of finance. The current ratio has been increased from 1.42 in the year 2013 to 1.47 in the year 2014 and to 1.50 in the year 2015. The sudden increase is noticeable. Current ratio of 1.50 is considered by th e banking industry as the best value for the current ratio. As per the background information of the company, the company is bound to maintain current ratio of 1.50 so as to keep availing the facility given by the BDO Finance. The company BDO Finance Limited has stipulated that in case the company fails to maintain the current ratio of 1.50 then it has the right to take back the facility from the company of the loan given amounting to 7.5 million Loan. This factor will affect the audit plan of the auditors as they will be required to check in detail as to how the company has immediately met the requirements of the BDO Finance Limited. Either the receivables have been increased or the inventory has been overvalued. As also from the discussion of the board it was held that the company has decided to follow the FIFO method for valuation of Inventory instead of Weighted Average which of course will increase the value of inventory. Therefore, these kinds of manipulations are required to be checked by the auditors in detail and hence their audit plan needs to be modified. Quick ratio tells about the companys ability to pay off the current liabilities from the current assets which can be easily converted into cash with in the period of 90 days or less. It informs the users as to how fast the company is able to meet its current liabilities with the liquid assets. It includes cash and cash equivalents but does not include the inventory and the expense which are in the nature of prepaid The companys quick ratio has been fluctuating from 0.83, 0.94 and 0.85 in the years of 2013, 2014 and 2015 respectively. The audit plan will not be affected majorly as the same will be considered while performing the audit of the current ratio part. The inventory turnover ratio shows how many times the company sale its goods over the period of one year. It shows how effectively the company is managing its purchases and sales over the period. Inventory is considered as the major part for the investors of the company to consider. It is because the inventory only informs abou t the company ability to convert its inventory into sales. Inventory is normally offered as collateral to the banks for availing of the loans and investors are readily interested in knowing whether the c company is incurring high storage and handling costs for maintaining the inventory. The inventory turnover ratio has been considerably decreased from 15.16 to 14.11 and to 10.40 in the year 2013, 2014 and 2015 respectively. As the ratio has been decreasing, it might be possible that the inventory of the company has been piling up and the company was not able to sell the inventory in the market properly. Also the inventory calculation is required to check in accordance with terms of BDO Finance Limited. Thus, the audit plan is required to be modified and auditors have to act accordingly. It denotes how effectively the company has been able to manage its total assets so as to generate profits out of it. Higher the ratio more will be the faith of investors in the company. Return on a ssets ratio has been decreased considerable from the year 2013 to the year 2015 to the value of 0.14. It denotes that the company is not able to manage its assets effectively and efficiently. The risk factor is required to be considered by the auditor as to why the company is not able to generate the profits. This will have the higher effect in the audit. The debt equity ratio denotes by how many times the company has the liabilities in relation to the amount invested by the shareholders of the company. Each industry has different benchmarks. Some have 0.5 and some have 2. The debt equity ratio has been considerable increased by from 0.47 in the year 2015 to 1.13 in the year of 2016. It is basically because of the finance obtained from the BDO Finance Limited. The terms and conditions of the finance Gross Profit tells about the trading and manufacturing results of the company and shows how effectively the company is managing its operations. The gross profit of the company has been decreased considerably despite of the fact that the inventory has been overvalued and hence the audit plan is affected and will needs modification accordingly. Net profit shows the net income earned by the company after deducting the expenses and other overheads of the company. The company has been maintaining the net profit ratio of 6% approximately irrespective of the fact that the companys gross profit ratio has been decreased and also the companys interest cost has been increased with the introduction of finance of 7.5 million from BDO Finance and hence the scope of the audit will be increased as there are high chances of manipulation. Auditor is required to consider the various kinds of risks while performing for the audit function. Although there are three kinds of risks namely Control risk, Detection Risk and the Inherent Risk but in this section we will consider only the inherent risk. The factors which have contributed towards the inherent risk factors are mentioned below:eing Inherent Risk Impact on Material Misstatement Inventory Valuation Inventory valuation is very important for every company whether it is the trading company or the manufacturing company or the service company. Inventory shall be valued as per the relevant accounting standard and all the provisions of that standard shall be followed. The company has been following the weighted average method of valuing the inventory. By following the weighted average method of inventory valuation, the value of the inventory generally comes with low figure. Due to which the gross profit of the company comes with low figure. In the given case the company has obtained loan from the BDO Finance Limited amounting to $7.5 million during the year. The BDO Finance Limited has included the condition that the company has to maintain the current ratio of 1.5. In the board meeting, it has been described by the board that the inventory valuation be changed to FIFO Method from the weighted average method. This will lead to increase in the value of inventory as the last purchase price will always be higher in comparison to the weighted average price. Therefore, In order to maintain the current ratio, the company might have indulged in such practice. As the company has been following the weighted average method since its inception and also from the above factors, the inventory valuation has been considered as the major factor which has led to the inherent risk in the business. The inventory valuation plays very important role in adjusting the net profit and the gross profit of the company. Sometimes the inventory adjustment leaves the material effect on the financial statements of the company. In the given case as the inventory valuation has been changed from weighted average method to the FIFO Method, the chances of having the financial statements materially misstated becomes high. It is because the effect of change in the method sometimes comes high which can lead to even different financial position and the performance of the company. Also the condition that the BDO Finance Limited has given to the company to maintain the current ratio of 1.50. It will lead the company to indulge in the manipulating practices so as to maintain the current ratio and will strive to keep enjoying the banking facilities from the company. Thus, in this way, this factor will lead to material misstatement in the financial statements of the company. Acquisition of Nuclear Publishing Limited Acquisition of any business shall be done after taking due diligence and various feasibility reports from the professionals and the management of the company. The acquisition shall be done after considering the market conditions of the target company also. In the given case the company has acquired the company Nuclear Publishing Limited during the year. Along with that the company has acquired the printing rights of the company. After the acquisition, one article has been published stating that the new technology has come and will make the earlier books and theories non useful for the students and the readers. This article has created a wave in the market as the company will be in failure if the same thing has happened. In order to be safe and sound the company will get themselves engaged in the manipulating practices. In this way, the same acquisition has been considered as one of the factor contributing towards the inherent risk of the company. The acquisition will have the greater impact on the material misstatement of the company. It is because the company that has been acquired will be loss making deal for the company as all the theories will get expired and the companys major investment will be depreciated with higher amount in the future years. In order to maintain the position of the company, the company may be engaged in manipulating the revenue figures so as to show higher profits with high earnings per share. The same fact has been supported by the fact that the company has been able to generate profit equal to percentage of sales as equivalent to the profits shown in the previous two years. In this way the financial statements are materially misstated and the auditor are required to increase their scope and plan of the audit. Development of New Software The company has decided to implement the new system in which all functions of the company whether it is related to purchase or it is related to sales or it is related to stock or any other function. The new software will help in integrating all the functions and give the common path for the achievement of organizational goals. The employees of the company are resistant as they are not efficient enough for getting the new system developed. The risk that has been identified in this condition is that chances of having the expenditure reported during the particular period may be reported in the other period. This will provide the incorrect details to the management of the company. The same fact has been reported in the case study. Secondly, to track the status of the transactions in the old system and the new system will be difficult for the employees of the company as they are not well equipped with the new system. Also the staff was under great pressure due to which the employees were not found able to do the reconciliation and other work with the new system. Audit will be greatly affected by the introduction of new system. It is because the auditors will have to apply the additional audit procedures to do the audit of the books of accounts of the company. The additional procedures will not only apply to the old system but also the new system so as to check whether the financial statements so delivered by the systems are correct and are at par. It is because is they differs then there may be the possibility that the company might have entered into the transactions which has been recorded in the one system and not recorded in other system. Secondly, as already said, there may be the chances of overstatement of understatement of income or the expenditure due to reporting in the different reporting period. Thus, this development will affect the audit and will persuade the auditors to perform the additional audit procedures and plan the audit accordingly. Stipulation of BDO Finance Limited The BDO Finance Limited has made the stipulated that the company is required to maintain the current ratio of 1.50 so as to enjoy the facility of $7.5 million in the future years. If gets deviated then the BDO Finance will withdraw the facility of loan. The risk factor that has been noticed is that the change in the current assets and the current liabilities. The current asset consists mainly of the debtors and the inventory and the current liabilities consist of the sundry creditors and the other expenses payable. To maintain the current ratio of 1.5, the company may increase the value of debtors by increasing the sales or decrease the creditors by making the payments. Secondly the other risk factor is that the company may increase the inventory value in order to increase the current ratio. The same has been done by the company by adopting the FIFO method of valuation of inventory instead of Weighted Average method. In this factor also, the audit will be affected. It is because the change in method of inventory will automatically increase the scope of the audit. The auditors will have to apply substantive procedures in order to confirm the inventory value. Secondly, the debtor figures will also be required to check in detail. It is because the revenue figure will also be increased to increase the value of the debtor and audit plan will require the adequate modification. Conclusion DIPL Company has been engaged in the business of the printing and publishing. As per the background information of the company, the company has the sound internal control system and accounting process. Since inception of the company, the company has been facing various risks that have lead to the material misstatements in the financial statements of the company. Secondly, the company has been able to engage in the manipulating practices which again have resulted in material misstatements in the financial statements of the company. The auditors role in the said risk factors and the financial statements has been enhanced. To conclude, the auditor plays very important role in the financial statements of the company.ts recommended that the company shall have the proper system in place so as to avoid the material misstatements in the financial statements. References ACCA, (2016), Analytical Procedures, available on https://www.accaglobal.com/vn/en/student/exam-support-resources/professional-exams-study-resources/p7/technical-articles/analytical-procedures.html accessed on 25-08-2017. Anastasia, (2015), Financial Statement Analysis : An Introduction available on https://www.cleverism.com/financial-statement-analysis-introduction/ accessed on 25-08-2017. Capital Markets Advisory Committee Meeting, (2013), Conceptual Framework available on https://www.ifrs.org/Meetings/MeetingDocs/Other%20Meeting/2013/March/AP%203%20conceptual%20framework.pdf accessed on 25-08-2017. Cooper S, (2015), A Tale of Prudence, available on https://www.ifrs.org/Investor-resources/Investor-perspectives-2/Documents/Prudence_Investor-Perspective_Conceptual-FW.PDF accessed on 25-08-2017. Gary S., (2017), The Importance of Inherent Risk Factors: Auditors Perceptions, Australian Accounting Review, Vol 3, Pp 38-44. Weiss D, (2014), Faithful Representation available on https://bschool.huji.ac.il/.upload/Seminars/Faithful%20Representation%20October%202014.pdf accessed on 25-08-2017

The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank

Abstract The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank are international organisations created to provide financial aid, and enhance the structures of international payment systems in the world markets. In the year 1944, the two organisations began their operation following the signing of the Articles of Agreement by the member states. During its inception period, the IMF consisted of 45 members.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two institutions share similar attributes in that they were created at the same time, are based in the US, and have analogous Articles of Agreement. However, the major distinction between the two institutions is that the World Bank is largely owned by the American citizens, while the IMF is largely owned by the European citizens. According to the economists, the two organisations have great i nfluence on global economic policies and strategies. Their authority over economic policies has contributed to the strengthening of the macroeconomic frameworks, reduction in sector deficits, and decline in public debt accumulations among the member states. Contrary to what economists assert, sceptics believe that the two international organisations have acted beyond the powers given to them in their Articles of Agreement (Antonio 34). Over time, the World Bank and the IMF have redefined their mandates as financial institutions. On this background, this article seeks to explore the validity of these criticisms by analysing the policies and actions of the two organisations. Background World Bank Before a country becomes a member of the World Bank, it must subscribe to the bank’s shares. Over time, the bank has majored on loan operations. Loans are awarded to banks, public institutions, and private organisations within their member states’ jurisdictions. In case a borrow er is from a non-member state, the borrower’s loan needs to be guaranteed by a member state. In accordance with the banks Articles of Agreement, all lending operations should be preceded by a guarantee agreement from member states. Before the year 1968, the bank was actively engaged in lending loans geared towards project developments. However, when the Basic Needs approach was adopted, under the leadership of Robert McNamara, the bank focused its operation on tackling poverty in the developing countries. Similarly, the bank started to offer assistance in development projects in developing countries by overseeing Structural Adjustment Loan (SAL) programs (Suvedī 78).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through these programs, the bank aims to change the national economic policies among the member states. After the arrangement of the SAL, funds are distributed in a sy stematic manner over time according to the country’s ability to push for changes in specific policy areas. Notably, the bank needs their member states to change their economic policies in line with their requirements. This condition requires member states to reform their industrial, agricultural, financial, export and import policies. Through these measures, the countries have to share and sometimes relinquish their economic decisions to the World Bank. By doing so, the World Bank has interfered with the member states’ sovereignty contrary to the Articles of Agreement. Similarly, by interfering with its member state public administration apparatus, labour regulations, and public investment policies, the bank has acted beyond the powers given to them in their Articles of Agreement by compromising on the member state’s sovereignty. IMF The IMF allows its member states to contribute to the bank’s deposits. Through this contribution, each member state earns i nterest, quota, depending on its economy. According to the IMF regulations, the quotas consist of five tranches accessed in times of financial need. The member states have automatic access over one of the five tranches. However, other tranches are accessed under certain conditions and arrangements. Among these arrangements are Stand-By Arrangements, Poverty Reduction Arrangements, Growth Facility Arrangements, and Extended Fund Facility Arrangements. These arrangements and conditions were incorporated to ensure that the bank resources meet the member states’ goals of resolving balance of payment challenges in accordance with the banks Articles of Agreement. Under these conditions, the bank can only disburse its money to the borrower on a piecemeal basis. Similarly, the loans can be accredited when the borrowing state meets certain economic and financial policies required by the bank. Through these acts, critics argue that international organisations have not only interfered w ith the member states sovereignty but also limited their ability to create their own economic and financial policies. Criticisms Following the current state of the world economy, the two institutions have been heavily criticised for the ever-increasing gap between the poor nations and the rich nations. Critics argue that the two organisations have acted beyond the powers given to them in their Articles of Agreement. Currently, more than 400 organisations and NGOs have ganged up to call for the restriction and regulation of the two institutions (Lowenfeld 23).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to these groups, the two institutions lack the expertise to tackle social and environmental challenges affecting each specific country. As such, the organisations should formulate specific policies and measures to be used in each cou ntry. In addition, these groups argue that the IMF has only focused on rectifying short-term balances of payment challenges damaging the social fabric of several countries, rather than helping them as the Articles of Agreement assert. Globally, it is widely argued that the two international banks’ policies have worsened the global economic and financial situations. According to critics, the organisations’ policies have not only failed, but also worsened the economic conditions in the borrowing countries. A similar criticism claims that even in countries where the two organisations have led to the enhancement in macro-economic indicators, social disparities have been eminent. Notably the use of one-size-fits all approach and restrictions of government involvements in their policies have resulted in a vicious cycle of stagnation. These approaches have seen the debtor countries reduce the public expenditure in several sectors including health, education, and other social services. In the recent past, more debtors have had to privatise their state firms, limit credit lending, and reform their tax policies to meet the requirements stipulated by the two organisations (Schrijver 56). Through these measures, the organisations have triggered conflicts in some nations. For instance, in the year 2000, the World Bank forced the Bolivian government to privatize its water service system. They had to abide by the World Bank’s directive to qualify for the 25 million US dollars they had requested for from the institution. Through this move, the government of Bolivia had to reorganise its resource management systems to suit the foreign interests rather than the country’s interests. These initiatives later sparked numerous protests and demonstrations from the country’s citizens. On the other hand, critics have criticised the two organisations for their lack of transparency and democracy in their affairs. Though the institutions claim that they are transparent, their hypocrisy is evidenced every time they carry out their activities in seclusion.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Critics argue that the organisations should exercise transparent governance because as they require from their debtors. The IMF has been heavily criticised by sceptics for its lack of transparency in most of its acts. Sceptics argue that before IMF enters into an agreement with any country, they already have decided on the policy proposals thus limiting the country’s ability to adjust on these proposals. Through these acts, the IMF does not only contradict its governance procedures as stipulated in the Articles of Agreement, but also perpetuates unresponsive policies leading to severe economic condition in debtor countries (Qureshi 67). Criticisms on the democratic deficit bases their principles on the fact that the funds lend from these institutions are provided by the G-7 member states. According to the critics, it is wrong for the two institutions to impose inappropriate policies on countries that have no ability to contribute to the decision processes in the two organisat ions. Similarly, the restrictions of the debtor countries’ participation in decision-making processes amount to violation of their rights to govern their country directly and indirectly. In addition, the citizens of the debtor countries have limited mechanisms to force the two organisations to be accountable in their acts. Analysis The World Bank’s and the IMF’s articles of the agreement are clearly outlined, and any acts by these organisations not covered in the Articles of Agreement are considered ultra vires. Thus, the functions of the two institutions must be in accordance with the Articles of Agreement. In the recent past, the two organisations have been heavily criticised for interfering with political and social affairs of their member states. According to article 10, of the World Bank Articles of Agreement, the bank and its personnel are prohibited from interfering with political affairs of their member states (Simon Bryan 34). As such, the articles ass ert that political individuals in the member state should not influence the bank’s decision. This implies that the bank should focus on economic affairs rather than political affairs of member states when formulating their policies. As emphasised in their Articles of Agreement, the bank should uphold the political sovereignty of its member states. Similarly, the IMF’s Articles of Agreement prohibit the organisation from participating in political interference among the member states. From the stipulations outlined above, it is apparent that the international lending institutions embrace the same view on political actions in member states. Contrary to this rule, these organisations are accused to be working under the preference of the United States and other industrialized countries. These countries are alleged to be providing structural constraints within which the IMF and the World Bank work. Beyond these constraints set by the industrialised nations, activities of th e IMF and the World Bank are subjective to professional economists whose intentions are in accordance with particular institutional environments. Owing to this, the IMF and the World Bank prescriptions have been accused of aiding political pressures and institutional constraints from their stakeholders’ countries. Since their inceptions, corruption has been a great concern for the two organisations. The organisation has condemned on the vice recognising as a major challenge in the developing countries. In the affected countries, corruption has drained their national resources and negatively affected their economy. The organisations have been advocating for the formation of anticorruption bodies in the affected member states to thwart the practice. Challenges arise when the affected member state borrows money from the international organisations. According to their Articles of Agreements, the institutions are supposed to ensure that the money borrowed is used in the intended p urpose. In this regard, the organisations cannot separate themselves from the issues of corruption in the affected countries. However, their involvements must be in accordance with the Articles of Agreement. Through this, they are required to advise, encourage, and support the affected countries in fighting corruption only without being involved in their political affairs. However, over the years, the World Bank and the IMF have formulated policies that have deprived the lawfully governments’ abilities to create their own economic policies and programs. Though the two organisations have refuted the claims, these acts are eminent from the way they distribute their loans to various governments. Several literatures have focused on how the IMF and World Bank have trampled on the national sovereignty of its member states. These literatures assert that the institutions have compromised on the national sovereignty of the member states through imposing conditionality on their loans. Remarkably, international organisations including the World Bank and the IMF have imposed western cultural values on emerging economies disregarding on their autonomy. According to Graham Bird, when countries turn to IMF for fiscal assistance they have to aware that they are losing their national sovereignty over economic policy to the institution. Another writer, Catherine H. Lee, believes that the IMF and the World Bank have greatly interfered with the internal affairs of developing member states. Thus, it is a fact that the two international organisations are interfering with the political affairs of their member states indirectly through their conditionality arrangement. By doing so, critics’ allegations that the organisations are acting contrary to the powers bestowed to them by the Articles of Agreement are confirmed. Over the last decade, the two organisations have evolved immensely astonishing the critics and their founders. Their expansion has come to be referred to as economic creep by the sceptics. Between the two organisations, the IMF has been greatly criticised due to its dramatic expansion. During its inception, the IMF was only mandated to provide fiscal assistance and assist countries manage their balance of payment challenges. However, over time the institution has expanded its boundaries to include development and poverty eradication programs. Through these initiatives, the IMF has acted contrary to its Articles of Agreement since these acts were not envisioned in the original articles. Those against this move argue that it is illegal for the institution to engage itself in activities meant for other organs of the UN agencies. Through these changes, conditionality measures have been introduced. Over time, these conditionality measures have expanded to oversee adjustment of national currencies. In the recent past, the measures have expanded to include trade liberalization, bankruptcy legislation, poverty eradication measures, anti terr orism measures, and bankruptcy legislations. IMF and ultra vires acts Through their massive expansion, the IMF has been accused of overstepping its mandate outlined in the Articles of Agreement. The IMF has compromised its original mandate of facilitating payment adjustments through these dramatic expansions. If the organisation had stuck to its original mandate, it could have generated little business. However, by redefining its roles to meet with the current economic challenges, the institution has had to deal with issues tackled by the multilateral development banks leading to the conflict of interests. For instance, the IMF’s shift to finance the long-term balance of payment had long been initiated by the World Bank. The World Bank had tried to tackle the issue before they changed their mandate to finance projects aimed at eradicating poverty. Equally, the IMF has overstepped its mandate by availing its funds to all developing countries. As stated in the Articles of Agree ment, the IMF’s balance of payment support is limited to low income developing countries. Through these acts, the IMF has denied some countries with chronic payments deficits chances to revive their situations. In its attempt to enhance the development and poverty alleviation programs in the developing countries, IMF strategies and structural conditionality have covered all areas related to development policy. Through this act, the organisation has not only acted contrary to the Articles of Agreement, but also created numerous problems in development policy. It is alleged that the institution is not competent to tackle such complex issues. Those opposed to this move argue that there are serious risks in relinquishing development matters to international organisations mandated to tackle short-term financial challenges. It is a fact that the IMF’s involvement in poverty reduction programs may yield fruits; however, this does not imply that that the organisation is acting in accordance with the Articles of Agreement by working in such areas. The IMF should realise that there are other recognised institutions, with expertise and resources, mandated to work in such areas. In this regard, the IMF should stop with immediate effect duplicating other institutional projects, and rather cooperate and coordinate development projects directed by these institutions. The IMF and the World Bank have refuted claims that they are duplicating their functions. The two organisations argue that they are closely working together to coordinate their programs and to minimise overlap. However, reality indicates that indeed the two organisations are duplicating their roles contrary to their Articles of Agreement. Through these acts, opponents have called the two organisations to merge their roles. Similarly, the two organisations leadership has been accused of being undemocratic. The voting rights in the two institutions are not allocated on the principles of democracy. As such, most of their votes are allocated to wealthy industrialized nations. This implies that the more money a country has the more votes they earn from the two organisations. Allegations against the IMF in Asia In Asia, IMF’s and the World Bank strategies in the past have conflicted with their Articles of Agreement. During the Asian crisis, Indonesia was adversely affected by the economic challenges due to poor policies and strategies, which were implemented by the IMF to reverse on the situation. During this period, 1997 to 1998, the Indonesian currency lost its value by 83% owing to forceful interactions of politics and economics policies. As a result, Indonesia’s economic imbalances were rated among the worst in Asia. In their attempt to reverse on these situations, the IMF had to step in and help the country from further economic plunders. Through this, the IMF advised the Indonesian government to reduce on their expenditure, cut down expenditure on social service s, privatise its state firms, and adopt appropriate fiscal policies. Before the country could be funded, to bail its state institution out of the fiscal challenges, they had to meet IMF’s conditions. Later on the IMF’s program in the country led to several problems. The structure of the program adopted was so complex that the country could not incorporate. Similarly, the provisions provided by the IMF strained the Indonesian government’s ability to ease its social pressures. On the other hand, restructuring led to a rapid decline in the economy’s expansion raising the level of public frustration. During the crisis, the Indonesian market confidence was greatly affected by the financial catastrophe. Under the IMF’s program, the country was prohibited from bailing out banks and private companies that succumbed to the crisis. As a result, Indonesian businesses suffered. Later on when the government implemented tight monetary policies under directives f rom the IMF and the World Bank, the country witnessed the closure of several unprofitable banks, reduction in budgetary spending, and the failure of extended companies. Because of these, the IMF realised that their acts were going to trigger social tension. To prevent such occurrence, the IMF approved that under no circumstances could the elites be exempted from the sternness. Through this move, the IMF moved in to fight corruption to restore market confidence in the country. Critics argue that the IMF and the World Bank initiatives during the crisis were out of their power as stated out in their Articles of Agreement. The IMF’s structural reforms in the short term had negative implications on the country’s economy. As such, when Indonesia adopted these structural reforms in accordance with the IMF’s directive, they increased their country’s future indebtedness. Economists assert that if the country could have used $10 billion IMF standby finance during t he crisis, the country’s debt stock could have increased by 70%. According to the economists, these figures could have been extremely high, and could have led to further economic crises such as defaults in the long-term foreign debt payment. Another challenge experienced in Indonesia during the crises was that the public was under-informed on the roles of the IMF during the crises. According to economic analysts, the challenges in Asia at the time were unique. In this respect, the analyst believed that the IMF deployed the wrong policies and strategies worsening the situation. This implies that, the budget cutting, credit tightening and emergency bank closures were inappropriate. Therefore, the banking sector should have been strengthened by the government and the IMF rather than enhancing their hasty closures. Through this, the IMF and the Indonesian government should have advised the weaker banks to merge with the stronger banks and encourage them to raise their capital bas es. Economic crisis in Russia The Russian economic crises of the year 1988 proved that international lending organisations interfere with economic, social, and political activities of their member states. By examining, the IMF’s involvement in Russia for the last decade, we can affirm this allegation. The institution has not only interfered with the country’s political structures, but also objected the second phase of reforms desired by the Russian citizens. From the beginning of their involvement in Russia, the IMF’s interests were driven by the western interest and aspirations in the region. As such, the institution was not competent to tackle the issues faced by the Russians during the economic crisis. It is alleged that the institution was largely preferred over the EU since it solved the country’s crisis in accordance to the US’ wishes. At the same time, the US interest in the region promoted its overall rating. Similarly, by engaging itself i n the Russian economic crisis, the IMF saw this as an opportunity to take a lead in policy alteration economies. Before the crisis, the institution was actively engaged in tackling balance of payment challenges in member states. Based on these allegations, the IMF overstepped its mandate right from the time it began its involvements in Russia. As stated above, several challenges emerged from the institutions involvements in the country. During this period, the IMF had little experience of tackling long-term economic issues since this mandate was not stipulated in their Articles of Agreement. In this regard, the institution was not competent enough to enhance the country’s transition from communism to capitalism. When Russian government was faced with an economic crisis in the late 1980s, they applied for membership in the IMF. Its membership was fully granted in the year 1992. Following this, the institution funded the country’s government in two phases before stopping . Critics assert that although the IMF allowed the country to become part of its members, the institution was slow in responding to the country’s needs. According to the critics, the slowness to respond implied that the organisation was acting under the policies and interests of the Western countries who are the major shareholders. Through this act, the IMF acted above its powers stipulated in the Articles of Agreement by being influenced by political interests. Similarly, the institution is criticised for its steps in advising the Russian government to liberalise their markets and privatise their state firms contrary to the Russians wishes. Through this move, several protests and demonstrations were witnessed through Russia. Similarly, the Russian parliament was involved in objecting the government’s directive. According to the demonstrators, the government had made a wrong decision by accepting foreign assistance in the management of their economic crisis. Those oppo sed to the move were fully aware that international organisation participations in their country would compromise on their national sovereignty. Allegations against the World Bank Having been in the lending business for more than five decades, the World Bank is a major lending institution in its field. The bank provides more than $20 billion annually to its borrowers. Its stakeholders through a board of directors control the bank. During its inception, the bank was mandated to alleviate poverty through funding long-term development projects. Over time, the bank has expanded its roles and become more bureaucratic, more inwardly focused, and more averse to criticisms. Through this initiative, the bank has fostered a lending culture disregarding the risks of failure. Similarly, its management team has lied to the public on its lending operations, fostering an illusion that the institution is aimed at enhancing world developments. Because of these, the sceptics have condemned the World Bank for acting above its mandate. Although the organisation management teams are responsible for the bank’s success, they develop and implement economic policies as they are pleased disregarding the Articles of Agreement. It is alleged that the bank’s management teams are the gods of lending. This implies that they have disregarded the terms stated out in the article of agreement by leading the bank to perform its unintended missions and ignoring their professional obligations. Similarly, it is alleged that the bank is cooperating with some of the third world government officials to fund white elephant projects contrary to the best interest of the citizens in these developing nations. Critics argue that the bank pretends to be lending their funds for noble initiatives in the third world countries, while the borrowers pretend they will put the funds in the noble initiatives. Through these illegal acts, some of the bank’s staff and borrowers’ leaders have been able to serve their own interests at the expense of the poverty-stricken citizens. Notably, the World Bank’s initiatives relating to governance and anticorruption have attracted numerous criticisms. In the late 1990s, the World Bank and the IMF activities in the developing world were being faced with numerous challenges owing to rampant cases of corruption in the countries. After decades of lending, the bank realized that the borrowers were losing their borrowed money through corruption. The bank attempted to stop the prevalence of corruption through investigations, identification, and exposure of fraud committed against Bank projects. Through these acts, it depicted an appropriate step towards fostering accountability and transparency in their projects, which was against the provision stipulated in their Articles of Agreement. After a futile attempt to stop corruption cases, the World Bank management later realised that they had overstepped their mandate, something that the critics could use against them, the bank changed its focus on fighting corruption. The bank then shifted from exposing corruption to studying it. Critics argue that the shift of focus has worked well, in that it has allowed them to claim leadership in fighting corruption whilst authorising them to continue funding the corrupt governments. Through these acts, it is clear that the World Bank and the corrupt governments continue to plunder billions of dollars through white elephant projects each year. Although the World Bank claims that it is making positive steps towards ensuring that their funds meets the intended purposes, they should realise that the gap between the poor and the rich in the developing countries has been on the increase. By acknowledging this fact, the World Bank should similarly acknowledge that by the institution acting beyond the powers outlined in its Articles of Agreement has aggravated the situation. Similarly, the World Bank should acknowledge this alleg ation by lending less and supervising more. Through this, it should employ all the possible powers outlined in the Articles of Agreement to investigate, prosecute, and punish corrupt staff members who are colluding with the corrupt governments for their own selfish interests. The bank’s claim that poor governance and corruption are the major obstacles to economic growth has resulted in numerous disagreements between the accused governments and the organisation. Developing countries insist that the bank’s effort to stem out corruption and promote good governance within their territories is beyond the powers given to them in their Articles of Agreement. Despite the fact that these governments’ claims are true, they should realise that the bank’s funds are meant to uplift the livelihoods of their citizens, and not to benefit some few elites in their respective governments. Despite the critics’ allegations, legal writers argue that through the acts des cribed above the World Bank and the IMF acted within their legal mandate. According to these scholars, the decision organs of international organisations such as the World Bank have exclusive rights to interpret the article of agreements. By doing so, international institutions are mandated by the provisions to commit illegal acts. With respect to these legal experts’ concept, the doctrine of ultra vires is not applicable to international organisations, and that their activities and decisions are always legal and valid. The Articles of Agreements of both organisations have clear procedures to be followed in determining whether an individual or the executive board members exceeded their powers in interpreting the provisions. Through this, the IMF and the World Bank have argued that their acts of expanding the organisations mandates were justified within their Articles of Agreement. The organisations assert that the expansion of their institutions has taken place in accordance with article IV consultations. For instance, before the collapse of the par value system the IMF was largely involved in the macroeconomic issues. After the collapse of this system, the IMF became involved in the microeconomic issues. The organisations argue that it was within its mandate to change its roles as the article of agreements allows the organisation to tackle payment deficits and to assist countries with balance of payment issues. Conclusion In conclusion, we should note that the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund were created as specialized agencies of the United Nations during the World War II. According to their Articles of Agreement, the two institutions function under the directions of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). Sceptics argue that the two organisations are not functioning in compliance with the ECOSOC directives. If the two organisations could work under the General Assembly directives, they could not only be more accountable, but also con centrate more on both social issues and banking interests. Informal surveys indicate that the top officials in these organisations are unaccountable to their member states. According to these surveys, most individuals are not only unaware of the existence of the two organisations, but also unaware of their functions. The organisations spend huge sums of their resources in propaganda that portrays them as institutions aimed at steering acts and policies geared towards enhancing economic development. However, in the recent years the two organisations have been under heavy criticisms for acting beyond their Articles of Agreements. Notably, academics and NGOs have alleged that the two organisations represent the interest of the transnational corporations and banks that provide them with most of their capital. As such, individuals mandated to create policies in these organisations operate under the influence of first world bankers and third world elites. This implies that the poor, who a re the majority, are shielded from presenting their policies and evaluations. In this regard, this article concludes that the two organisations are reinforcing poverty rather than reducing it. According to their Articles of Agreements, the two organisations should encourage private corporations to invest in the developing countries in order to spur economic growth in these countries. Instead, the organisations have focused on increasing profits for their shareholders at the expense of the poor in the developing countries. Similarly, by allocating huge sums of money in the hands of some few elites in the developing countries, the IMF and the World Bank have equipped these few individuals with resources enabling them to hang on to power and resist social pressures (Weiss Friedl 7). Works Cited Antonio Cassese. International law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Print. Lowenfeld, Andreas F. International economic law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Print. Qureshi, Asif H .. Perspectives in international economic law. London: Kluwer Law International, 2002. Print. Schrijver, Nico. Sovereignty over natural resources: balancing rights and duties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print. Simon, Lester and Bryan Mercurio. World trade law: text, materials, and commentary. Oxford: Hart, 2008. Print. Suvedī, Sūryaprasāda. International investment law: reconciling policy and principle. Oxford: Hart, 2008. Print. Weiss L, and Friedl. International economic law with a human face. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1998. Print. This essay on The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank was written and submitted by user Trey Love to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.